From 3173162892f5ea40816c177ae575b982bdd9bfbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adam Reichold <adam.reichold@t-online.de>
Date: Wed, 6 Apr 2022 17:58:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Delay formatting type errors to improve performance of
 failed extractions.

---
 benches/array.rs | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/error.rs     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/array.rs b/benches/array.rs
index 3f6c155bb..eed05afef 100644
--- a/benches/array.rs
+++ b/benches/array.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,29 @@ use test::{black_box, Bencher};
 use std::ops::Range;
 
 use numpy::{PyArray1, PyArray2, PyArray3};
-use pyo3::{Python, ToPyObject};
+use pyo3::{PyAny, Python, ToPyObject};
+
+#[bench]
+fn extract_success(bencher: &mut Bencher) {
+    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        let any: &PyAny = PyArray2::<f64>::zeros(py, (10, 10), false);
+
+        bencher.iter(|| {
+            black_box(any).extract::<&PyArray2<f64>>().unwrap();
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn extract_failure(bencher: &mut Bencher) {
+    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        let any: &PyAny = PyArray2::<i32>::zeros(py, (10, 10), false);
+
+        bencher.iter(|| {
+            black_box(any).extract::<&PyArray2<f64>>().unwrap_err();
+        });
+    });
+}
 
 struct Iter(Range<usize>);
 
diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs
index 30e270a39..13586fa84 100644
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 
-use pyo3::{exceptions::PyTypeError, PyErr, PyErrArguments, PyObject, Python, ToPyObject};
+use pyo3::{exceptions::PyTypeError, Py, PyErr, PyErrArguments, PyObject, Python, ToPyObject};
 
 use crate::dtype::PyArrayDescr;
 
@@ -59,32 +59,51 @@ impl_pyerr!(DimensionalityError);
 
 /// Represents that types of the given arrays do not match.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct TypeError {
-    from: String,
-    to: String,
+pub struct TypeError<'a> {
+    from: &'a PyArrayDescr,
+    to: &'a PyArrayDescr,
 }
 
-impl TypeError {
-    pub(crate) fn new(from: &PyArrayDescr, to: &PyArrayDescr) -> Self {
-        let dtype_to_str = |dtype: &PyArrayDescr| {
-            dtype
-                .str()
-                .map_or_else(|_| "(unknown)".into(), |s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
-        };
-        Self {
-            from: dtype_to_str(from),
-            to: dtype_to_str(to),
-        }
+impl<'a> TypeError<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(from: &'a PyArrayDescr, to: &'a PyArrayDescr) -> Self {
+        Self { from, to }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for TypeError {
+impl fmt::Display for TypeError<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "type mismatch:\n from={}, to={}", self.from, self.to)
     }
 }
 
-impl_pyerr!(TypeError);
+impl Error for TypeError<'_> {}
+
+struct TypeErrorArguments {
+    from: Py<PyArrayDescr>,
+    to: Py<PyArrayDescr>,
+}
+
+impl PyErrArguments for TypeErrorArguments {
+    fn arguments(self, py: Python) -> PyObject {
+        let err = TypeError {
+            from: self.from.as_ref(py),
+            to: self.to.as_ref(py),
+        };
+
+        err.to_string().to_object(py)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TypeError<'_>> for PyErr {
+    fn from(err: TypeError<'_>) -> PyErr {
+        let args = TypeErrorArguments {
+            from: err.from.into(),
+            to: err.to.into(),
+        };
+
+        PyTypeError::new_err(args)
+    }
+}
 
 /// Represents that given `Vec` cannot be treated as an array.
 #[derive(Debug)]

From 97201026b463663ff65465f9d3f2acd4a7606afe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adam Reichold <adam.reichold@t-online.de>
Date: Wed, 6 Apr 2022 22:51:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Actually remove DimensionalityError and TypeError from
 the crate API as they are never used directly.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 src/lib.rs   | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3d4769872..478e7acca 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
   - The `inner`, `dot` and `einsum` functions can also return a scalar instead of a zero-dimensional array to match NumPy's types ([#285](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy/pull/285))
   - The `PyArray::resize` function supports n-dimensional contiguous arrays. ([#312](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy/pull/312))
   - Deprecate `PyArray::from_exact_iter` after optimizing `PyArray::from_iter`. ([#292](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy/pull/292))
+  - Remove `DimensionalityError` and `TypeError` from the public API as they never used directly. ([#315](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy/pull/315))
   - Fix returning invalid slices from `PyArray::{strides,shape}` for rank zero arrays. ([#303](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy/pull/303))
 
 - v0.16.2
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 837472feb..ff48e0123 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,9 +61,7 @@ pub use crate::borrow::{
 };
 pub use crate::convert::{IntoPyArray, NpyIndex, ToNpyDims, ToPyArray};
 pub use crate::dtype::{dtype, Complex32, Complex64, Element, PyArrayDescr};
-pub use crate::error::{
-    BorrowError, DimensionalityError, FromVecError, NotContiguousError, TypeError,
-};
+pub use crate::error::{BorrowError, FromVecError, NotContiguousError};
 pub use crate::npyffi::{PY_ARRAY_API, PY_UFUNC_API};
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use crate::npyiter::{