build: uplift C++ kata baseline

[megabyde]

Summary

• require CMake 3.24 and C++17, disable compiler extensions, and use the installed-or-verified Catch2 2.13.10 integration
• standardize Make targets, three-platform CI, ownership, and weekly dependency updates
• document reproducible setup while preserving the Catch2 v2 bootstrap example, run target, and tests

Verification

• default make and make help
• CCACHE_DIR=/tmp/coding-cuddles-bootstrap-cpp-catch2-ccache make format-check
• CCACHE_DIR=/tmp/coding-cuddles-bootstrap-cpp-catch2-ccache make test; make run
• clean direct CMake configure, build, and CTest cycle
• forced dependency fallback with pinned archive verification
• Ninja Multi-Config test cycle
• parsed changed configuration files
• git diff --check origin/main...HEAD