Add health monitoring and circuit breaker to vMCP server

[yrobla]

Description

Implement health monitoring and circuit breaker patterns to detect and handle backend failures gracefully.

Scope:

• Periodic health checks for backend MCP servers
• Backend health status tracking and reporting
• Circuit breaker implementation for failing backends
• Automatic backend removal/restoration based on health
• Health status reflected in vMCP status and capabilities

Key Components

1. Backend Health Checks

• Periodic health check requests to each backend
• Configurable check interval (default: 30s)
• Track consecutive failures
• Mark backend unhealthy after threshold (default: 3 failures)
• Health check endpoint: MCP ping or tools/list

2. Health Status Tracking

• Per-backend health state: healthy, unhealthy, unknown
• Last successful health check timestamp
• Failure count and error messages
• Health status exposed in vMCP status/metrics

3. Circuit Breaker

• Three states: closed (normal), open (failing), half-open (testing recovery)
• Configurable failure threshold (default: 5 failures)
• Configurable timeout for open state (default: 60s)
• Automatic transition to half-open for recovery testing
• Track circuit breaker state per backend

4. Backend Availability Management

• Remove unhealthy backend tools from aggregated capabilities
• Return error when routing to unavailable backend
• Automatically restore backend when health recovers
• Log backend state transitions (healthy ↔ unhealthy)
• Emit metrics for monitoring systems

5. Failure Modes

• fail mode (default): Fail entire request if backend unavailable
• best_effort mode: Return partial results, include errors for failed backends
• Configurable per vMCP instance

6. Integration Points

• Update aggregated capabilities when backend health changes
• Routing layer checks health before forwarding
• Status reporting includes backend health summary
• Metrics exported for Prometheus/observability

Implementation Notes

• Health checks run in background goroutines
• Use context for cancellation on shutdown
• Circuit breaker prevents cascading failures
• Health status should be cached to avoid repeated checks
• Transition events should be logged and emitted as metrics
• Follow existing ToolHive observability patterns in pkg/telemetry/
• Consider using sony/gobreaker or similar library

Reference

• vMCP Design Proposal - Backend Unavailability, Partial Failures, Circuit Breaker sections

Acceptance Criteria

• Periodic health check implementation
• Configurable health check interval
• Backend health state tracking (healthy/unhealthy/unknown)
• Consecutive failure counting
• Unhealthy threshold configuration
• Circuit breaker implementation (closed/open/half-open states)
• Configurable failure threshold for circuit breaker
• Configurable timeout for open state
• Automatic transition to half-open for recovery testing
• Remove unhealthy backend tools from capabilities
• Error response when routing to unavailable backend
• Automatic restoration when backend recovers
• Health state transition logging
• Partial failure mode support (fail vs best_effort)
• Metrics emission for observability
• Unit tests for health check logic
• Unit tests for circuit breaker state machine
• Integration tests with flaky mock backends
• E2E tests with backend failure and recovery scenarios